Order #: 14890

Authors:

Stahler, G.J., Shipley, T.E., Kirby, K.C., Godboldte, C., Kerwin, M.E., Shandler, I., Simons, L.

Title:

Development and Initial Demonstration of a Community-Based Intervention for Homeless, Cocaine-Using, African-American Women.

Source:

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 28(2): 171-179, 2005. (Journal Article: 9 Pages)

Abstract:

This study evaluated Bridges to the Community, a supplemental component to an intensive residential substance abuse treatment program.  Bridges uses members of African-American churches as mentors for recovering women.  This demonstration project included 118 female participants with primary cocaine dependence who received either standard treatment or Bridges plus standard treatment.  Participants in both groups reduced substance use, risk-taking behaviors, depression, and increased self-esteem.  Participants who received Bridges had greater treatment retention, reported 100% cocaine abstinence at follow-up, and were more satisfied with their treatment (authors). 

Order #: 14303

Authors:

Stewart, K.E., Cianfrini, L.R., Walker, J.F.

Title:

Stress, Social Support and Housing are Related to Health Status Among HIV-Positive Persons in the Deep South of the United States.

Source:

AIDS Care 17(3): 350-358, 2005. (Journal Article: 9 Pages)

Abstract:

This article looks at self-report health status measures and how they are consistently associated with medical outcomes and are cost-effective.  Studies using such measures find that those who live in rural areas or have limited access to support experience poorer health status and poorer outcomes.  A survey addressing these issues was administered to 401 HIV-positive persons throughout Alabama.  Hierarchical regression models examined the relation of housing stability, stress, substance use and other variables to physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) health status.  The sample was 34% female and 66% African-American.  Most were receiving antiretroviral medications, and nearly 20% were in unstable housing.  Age showed a significant negative relationship to health status.  CD4 cell count was positively associated with PCS; perceived general stress and housing stability were negatively associated.  The model accounted for 14% of the variance in PCS.  For MCS, general stress was negatively associated and substance use tended towards a negative association.  Social support was positively associated with MCS.  The model accounted for nearly 31% of the MCS variance.  Health status among HIV-positive persons may be improved by assessing and addressing social issues such as social isolation, life stressors and housing (authors). 

Order #: 14161

Authors:

Davey, T.L.

Title:

A Multiple-Family Group Intervention for Homeless Families: The Weekend Retreat.

Source:

Health and Social Work 29(4): 326-329, 2004. (Journal Article: 4 Pages)

Abstract:

This article describes a type of retreat which appears to provide the necessary conditions from which social support can be built and an opportunity for families to reduce their feelings of isolation, anxiety, and helplessness. Moreover, the retreat appears to help increase parents' coping ability, produce beneficial interpersonal interactions and family socialization, and develop parental authority and responsibility (author). 

Order #: 13891

Authors:

National Health Care for the Homeless Council.

Title:

Homeless Young Adults Ages 18-24: Examining Service Delivery Adaptations.

Source:

Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Homeless Council, 2004. (Report: 42 pages)

Abstract:

This report is organized around four main topics: health care, housing, education and employment, and social support. In sections devoted to each of these topics, brief descriptions of service barriers are followed by recommended short and long-term strategies for overcoming them.  Young adults in the U.S. are uniquely vulnerable to homelessness.  Estimated numbers of young adults who experience an episode of homelessness each year range from approximately 750,000 to 2 million, and are believed to be increasing.  This is a problem facing both young individuals and families.  The predominant theme of this report is that late adolescence/early adulthood is a developmental stage during which appropriate supports can make an especially important difference (authors). Available From: National Health Care for the Homeless Council, P.O. Box 60427, Nashville, TN 37206, (615) 226-2292, council@nhchc.org, www.nhchc.org/Publications/younghomelessadult1.pdf

Order #: 13787

Authors:

O'Brien, P.

Title:

Youth Homelessness and the Lack of Permanent Relational Planning for Teens in Foster Care: Preventing Homelessness Through Relationship.

Source:

Brooklyn, NY: You Gotta Believe, 2004. (Report: 17 pages)

Abstract:

This report discusses the issue of youth homelessness, and the lack of relational planning for older foster care children.  The author examines the number of youth who are homeless in New York City, and nationwide, and the relationships these youngsters lack as compared to youth who are not homeless.  Suggestions are given on how to help youth live independently, and the author also dispells common myths about how youth become homeless (author). Available From: You Gotta Believe, 1220 Neptune Avenue, Suite 166, Brooklyn, NY 11224, (800) 601-1779, www.yougottabelieve.org/articles/homelessness.htm.

Order #: 14642

Authors:

Amaro, H., Larson, M.J., Gampel, J., Richardson, E., Savage, A., Wagler, D.

Title:

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Social Vulnerability Among Women with Co-Occurring Mental Health and Substance Abuse Disorders: Implications for Treatment Services.

Source:

Journal of Community Psychology 33(4): 495-511, 2005. (Journal Article: 16 pages)

Abstract:

This article presents findings from analyses conducted on the influence of racial/ethnic differences on the demographic and clinical profiles of 2,534 women in the SAMHSA-sponsored Women, Co-Occurring Disorders and Violence Study.  Black and Hispanic women demonstrated more disadvantaged economic and social life conditions than White women.  After controlling for socioeconomic differences, Hispanic women experienced more criminal justice involvement than others did, and both Black and Hispanic women were more likely to be exposed to community violence although they did not demonstrate more severe clinical symptoms than White women.  In the design and delivery of services racial/ethnic differences should be considered, and research questions regarding underlying explanatory factors raised (authors). 

Order #: 14285

Authors:

Anooshian, L.J.

Title:

Violence and Aggression in the Lives of Homeless Children: A Review.

Source:

Aggression and Violent Behavior 10: 129-152, 2005. (Journal Article: 24 Pages)

Abstract:

This review examines the role of violence and aggression in the lives of children in homeless families, focusing on possible connections among family violence and isolation, children’s aggression, and children’s problems with social isolation and rejection.  Exposure to violence appears to come from violence in homeless environments and families as well as from aggression in parent-child relationships; that violence leads to further negative consequences for children through the social isolation that it produces.  Diverse consequences of violence and aggression in the lives of homeless children include behavior problems, aggression in peer interactions, social isolation and rejection, and other diverse consequences arising from problematic parenting.  The prevalence of aggression for homeless children is further reinforced by the diversity of sources of increased vulnerability to aggression.  Different theories relevant to addressing sources of youth violence converge in predicting aggression among homeless youth; identified risk factors for youth violence overlap with risks linked to homelessness.  Yet, pervasive violence may characterize the lives of many housed children living in extreme poverty as well.  Overall, conclusions reached in this review emphasize the need to address violence and aggression in intervention programs for homeless children (authors). 

Order #: 14846

Authors:

Armaline, W.T.

Title:

Kids Need Structure: Negotiating Rules, Power, and Social Control in an Emergency Youth Shelter.

Source:

American Behavioral Scientist 48(8): 1124-1148, 2005. (Journal Article: 24 Pages)

Abstract:

This study illuminates aspects of social life within agencies designed to house homeless adolescents through research conducted at a live-in, emergency youth shelter. The shelter provides physical necessities, safety, life skills, and a consistent social environment through its operation as a quasi-total institution. Social life within the shelter is characterized by constant negotiation of the curricular imposition of structure. External boundaries become more or less permeable as a result of the degrees to which shelter residents and staff challenge or conform to rules meant to define them. Shelter curriculum may be critiqued for treating adolescent homelessness as an individual rather than social problem, where rules simultaneously emphasize the modification of individual behaviors and serve as social control mechanisms. Shelter residents, whose poverty and homelessness are only marginally connected to personal behaviors or choices, mount (at times) conscious opposition to rules sanctioning their personal freedoms and access to the outside world (author). 

Order #: 14752

Authors:

Johnson, K.D., Whitbeck, L.B., Hoyt, D.R.

Title:

Predictors of Social Network Composition Among Homeless and Runaway Adolescents.

Source:

Journal of Adolescence 28(2): 231-248, 2005. (Journal Article: 17 Pages)

Abstract:

This paper examined social network characteristics of 428 homeless and runaway adolescents from small-to moderate-sized cities in four Midwestern states. Recent research on the social support networks of homeless and runaway youth suggest the social networks of runaway youth are made up largely of transient deviant peer relationships. The authors investigated size, homogeneity, and correlates of the composition of the instrumental and emotional support networks as reported by the adolescents. Results showed the networks are considerably heterogeneous, comprised of relationships from home and the street as well as family and non-related adults. Further, the composition of these networks is related to adolescent characteristics and experiences including sexual identity, abuse history, and street experience (authors). 

Order #: 14845

Authors:

Lee, B.A., Schreck, C.J.

Title:

Danger on the Streets: Marginality and Victimization Among Homeless People.

Source:

American Behavioral Scientist 48(8): 1055-1081, 2005. (Journal Article: 26 Pages)

Abstract:

This study used data from a national survey to examine the relationship between marginality and criminal victimization among the homeless. The results show that people who are homeless are victimized disproportionately often both in absolute and relative terms (i.e., compared to members of the domiciled population) and that the modal pattern entails multiple forms of victimization. Conventional demographic antecedents of victimization receive little support in the analysis. However, measures representing different dimensions of marginality (disaffiliation, health problems, traumatic events, and lifestyle-exposure) all significantly increase the odds of being victimized, as hypothesized. The failure of the lifestyle-exposure variables to mediate the effects of the other predictors suggests that distal factors should be considered along with proximate ones if the vulnerability of disadvantaged groups to crime is to be adequately understood. Implications of the present research for the victim-offender relationship and the meaning of victimization are also discussed (authors). 

Order #: 14702

Authors:

Milburn, N.G., Rotheram-Borus, M.J., Batterham, P., Brumback, B., Rosenthal, D., Mallett, S.

Title:

Predictors of Close Family Relationships Over One Year Among Homeless Young People.

Source:

Journal of Adolescence 28(2): 263-275, 2005. (Journal Article: 12 Pages)

Abstract:

This study examined predictors of perceived family bonds among homeless young people who initially left home one year earlier. Newly homeless young people aged 12-20 years who had recently left home were recruited in Los Angeles County, United States and Melbourne, Australia and followed longitudinally at 3, 6, and 12 months. These homeless young people varied substantially in their bonds to their families. Family bonds at one year were predicted in multivariate regression analyses by having significantly fewer problem behaviours when leaving home and decreasing rates of problem behaviours over the next year. Having more emotional support and more instrumental financial support were also significantly associated with greater family bonds one year later. These results suggest that efforts to reunite families may be a viable intervention strategy for newly homeless young people (authors). 

Order #: 14261

Authors:

Silver, E., Teasdale, B.

Title:

Mental Disorder and Violence: An Examination of Stressful Life Events and Impaired Social Support.

Source:

Social Problems 52(1): 62-78, 2005. (Journal Article: 17 pages)

Abstract:

This article examines the affect of stressful life events and impaired social support on the association between mental disorder and violence. Results indicate that when stressful life events and impaired social support are controlled, the association between mental disorder and violence is substantially reduced. Implications for future research on the relationship between mental disorder and violence are discussed (authors). 

Order #: 13979

Authors:

Solomon, P.

Title:

Peer Support/Peer Provided Services Underlying Processes, Benefits, and Critical Ingredients.

Source:

Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, Spring: 392-401, 2004. (Journal Article: 10 Pages)

Abstract:

This article defines peer support/peer provided services and discusses the underlying psychosocial processes of these services. The author delineates the benefits to peer providers, individuals receiving services, and mental health service delivery system. Based on these theoretical processes and research, the critical ingredients of peer provided services, critical characteristics of peer providers, and mental health system principles for achieving maximum benefits are discussed, along with the level of empirical evidence for establishing these elements (author). 

Order #: 13417

Authors:

Toohey, S., Shinn, M., Weitzman, B.

Title:

Social Networks and Homelessness Among Women Heads of Households.

Source:

American Journal of Community Psychology 33(1-2): 12-23, 2004. (Journal Article: 12 pages)

Abstract:

This article examines possible bidirectional relationships between homelessness and deficient social networks.  The authors compared the networks of 251 mothers before, and approximately five years after, their families entered shelters with networks of 291 consistently housed poor mothers. According to the authors, more women on the verge of homelessness than housed women reported that they had mothers, grandmothers, friends, and relatives but fewer believed these network members were housing resources. The article states that after homeless women were rehoused, these network differences between consistently housed and formerly homeless women had largely disappeared. The authors assert that formerly homeless mothers did not report smaller networks, more children or fewer partners, however; they did report fewer positive functions. The article concludes that because of city policies, homeless mothers were frequently rehoused far from network members (authors). 

Order #: 13672

Authors:

Ware, N., Tugenberg, T., Dickey, B.

Title:

Practitioner Relationships and Quality of Care for Low-Income Persons With Serious Mental Illness.

Source:

Psychiatric Services 55(5): 555-559, 2004. (Journal Article: 5 pages)

Abstract:

This article describes concepts of good care in relationships with psychiatrists, therapists, and case managers from the perspectives of low-income persons with psychiatric disabilities.  The authors state that in-person, semistructured interviews were conducted with fifty-one adult Medicaid enrollees with psychiatric disabilities and diagnoses of schizophrenia.  The authors also state that eight categories representing service users' priorities for care in practitioner relationships resulted from the analysis: getting "extra things," looking for common ground, feeling known, the importance of talk, feeling like "somebody," practitioner availability, practitioner flexibility, and opportunities for input into treatment. The article concludes that quantitative and illness-centered formulations may miss much of what low-income service users with serious mental illness value in their relationships with practitioners, and that the opportunity to counter feelings of vulnerability and alienation with a sense of connection that is based on shared humanness may be a high priority for services for this group (authors). 

Order #: 13722

Authors:

Yanos, P., Barrow, S., Tsemberis, S.

Title:

Community Integration in the Early Phase of Housing Among Homeless Persons Diagnosed with Severe Mental Illness: Successes and Challenges.

Source:

Community Mental Health Journal 40(2): 133-150, 2004. (Journal Article: 17 pages)

Abstract:

In this article, the authors used qualitative methods to explore the response to housing and experience of community integration of formerly homeless individuals diagnosed with severe mental illness recently housed in both independent and staffed residential settings. The authors assert that entering into housing after a long period of homelessness is associated with improvements in community integration for most individuals diagnosed with severe mental illness. The article also states that for a meaningful minority, the adaptation to housing may also be associated with challenges that can complicate the integration process. Implications of findings are discussed in the context of how best to tailor programs to meet the complex needs of persons diagnosed with severe mental illness and to maximize community integration (authors). 

Order #: 13470

Authors:

Eyrich, K., Pollio, D., North, C.

Title:

An Exploration of Alienation and Replacement Theories of Social Support in Homelessness.

Source:

Social Work Research 27(4): 222-231, 2003. (Journal Article: 10 pages)

Abstract:

This study conducted a preliminary test of two theories of support networks in relation to duration of homelessness. Nine hundred respondents experiencing homelessness were selected randomly from shelters and day centers and recruited from city streets. The authors state that information obtained from interviews included number and perceived reliability of supports, distinguishing between family supports, friend supports with homes, and friend supports without homes. The article asserts that support for the general alienation theory included associations between longer-term (more than twelve months) homelessness and smaller family support networks and inability to count on family and friends, while support for the replacement theory included the lack of differences between the two groups in terms of number of friends and the association between longer-term homelessness and inability to count on friends (authors). 

Order #: 12784

Authors:

Hartwell, S.

Title:

Deviance Over the Life Course: The Case of Homeless Substance Abusers.

Source:

Substance Use and Misuse 38(3-6): 475-502, 2003. (Journal Article: 27 pages)

Abstract:

Characteristics of the homeless population highlight current and emerging social problems in America. It is estimated there are two to three million homeless people in the United States and that between 20% and 80% have substance abuse problems. In this paper the author applies Hirschi's social bond theory to a qualitative study of 31 male homeless substance users from New Haven, CT. The author interviewed each man once in 1992 and a second time during 1993. The interview data provide evidence of non-normative attachments to families, friends, and institutions where there is little commitment to conventional goals. The author concludes that for these men, being homeless and abusing substances is normative to their lives (author). 

Order #: 12111

Authors:

Kellett, P., Moore, J.

Title:

Routes to Home: Homelessness and Home-making in Contrasting Societies.

Source:

Habitat International 27(1): 123-141, 2003. (Journal Article: 20 pages)

Abstract:

This article explores ways in which processes of home-making and the goal of home may form part of a route to belonging for disadvantaged groups who share a marginalized place in their respective societies.  To examine these ideas, data from empirical case studies from two contrasting contexts are presented: homeless young people in London and Dublin, and informal dwellers in Colombia.  According to the authors, these cross-disciplinary studies offer insights into how it is possible to move from positions of relative social exclusion towards the goal of home and hence of belonging and acceptance (authors). 

Order #: 14053

Authors:

Latkin, C.A., Sherman, S., Knowlton, A.

Title:

HIV Prevention Among Drug Users: Outcome of a Network-Oriented Peer Outreach Intervention.

Source:

Health Psychology 22(4): 332-339, 2003. (Journal Article: 7 Pages)

Abstract:

In this study, a network-oriented HIV prevention intervention based on social identity theory and peer outreach was implemented for HIV positive and negative drug users. A community sample of 250 were randomly assigned to an equal-attention control condition or a multisession, small-group experimental condition, which encouraged peer outreach; 94% of participants were African American, and 66% used cocaine or opiates. At follow-up, 92% of participants returned, and experimental compared with control group participants were three times more likely to report reduction of injection risk behaviors and four times more likely to report increased condom use with casual sex partners. Results suggest that psychosocial intervention emphasizing prosocial roles and social identity, and incorporating peer outreach strategies, can reduce HIV risk in low-income, drug-using communities (authors). 

Order #: 13045

Authors:

Mottet, L., Ohle, J.

Title:

Transitioning Our Shelters:  A Guide to Making Homeless Shelters Safe for Transgender People.

Source:

Washington, DC: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute, 2003. (Report: 51 pages)

Abstract:

This guide is a joint publication of the National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH) and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Earlier this year, the NCH adopted a nondiscrimination resolution covering transgender people. The guide combines the transgender expertise of the Task Force with NCH's expertise on shelters to produce a usable guide that is suitable for homeless shelters across the country (authors). Available From: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute, 1325 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20005, (202) 393-5177, www.ngltf.org.

Order #: 13073

Authors:

National Center on Family Homelessness.

Title:

Social Supports for Homeless Mothers.

Source:

Newton Centre, MA:  The National Center on Family Homelessness, 2003. (Monograph: 48 pages)

Abstract:

This descriptive, qualitative study represents a collaborative effort between the National Center on Family Homelessness and the Health Care for the Homeless Clinician's Network to explore the social support experiences and needs of homeless mothers.  Data for this study was collected from one hundred women at ten Health Care for the Homeless sites around the country using focus groups and a survey questionnaire.  The purpose of this study was to help clinicians understand the contribution of supports that are critical to meet the challenges of poverty and to help families achieve and maintain permanent housing.  This monograph begins with a review of the social support literature, especially as it pertains to poor women.  The second chapter describes the study design and data collection methods, and the limitations of the study.  Chapter three discusses the questionnaire findings, and chapters four and five summarize the analysis of information from the focus groups.  The final chapter is on recommendations for best practices (authors). Available From: The National Center on Family Homelessness, 181 Wells Avenue, Newton Centre, MA  02459, (617) 964-3834, www.familyhomelessness.org.

Order #: 12844

Authors:

Rew, L.

Title:

Relationships of Sexual Abuse, Connectedness, and Loneliness to Perceived Well-Being in Homeless Youth.

Source:

Journal of Specialized Pediatric Nursing 7(2): 51-63, 2003. (Journal Article: 13 pages)

Abstract:

In this article, the authors attempt to describe the respondents' perceptions of connectedness, loneliness, and well-being; and to explore relationships among these variables.  Survey data from 96 participants, focus group interviews with 32 participants, and 10 individual interviews were analyzed.  Sixty percent of the sample reported sexual abuse, which was significantly related to loneliness and inversely related to connectedness and perceived well-being. Subjects felt lonely and disconnected. They perceived their well-being in terms of current health status. High rates of sexual abuse, lack of connectedness, and loneliness may help to explain poor perceived well-being in homeless youth (author). 

Order #: 12785

Authors:

Sosin, M.R., Grossman, S.F.

Title:

The Individual and Beyond: A Socio-Rational Choice Model of Service Participation Among Homeless Adults with Substance Abuse Problems.

Source:

Substance Use and Misuse 38(3-6): 503-549, 2003. (Journal Article: 46 pages)

Abstract:

While substance user service programs can help homeless adults solve their substance use and housing problems, relatively few needy individuals use and complete these programs. The lack of participation is poorly explained by typical empirical studies, most of which consider the role in service participation of various personal traits and client problems. The current article instead seeks to explain service participation through the application of an alternative, socio-rational choice model. This model has three premises: Clients weigh the costs and benefits of participating in services against alternative uses of their time and resources. The clients' weighing procedures reflect their personal situations and perceptions of the treatment environment. The perceptions of their personal situations and perceptions of the treatment environment are affected by the manner in which clients react to representatives of service systems, members of their social network including both housed and homeless persons, and other individuals. Secondary evidence supports many of the model's hypotheses and generally suggests that homeless clients may be heavily affected by their experiences with individuals and systems with which they come into contact (authors). 

Order #: 12788

Authors:

Zlotnick, C., Tam, T., Robertson, M.J.

Title:

Disaffiliation, Substance Use, and Exiting Homelessness.

Source:

Substance Use and Misuse 38(3-6): 577-599, 2003. (Journal Article: 22 pages)

Abstract:

This study tested whether social affiliation was associated with exits from homelessness for a county-wide probability sample of 397 homeless adults who were followed over a 15-month period culminating in 1992. For the total sample, support from family or friends and service use were related to an increased likelihood of exiting from homelessness. Surprisingly, exits from homelessness were associated with social affiliation (i.e., support from family/friends and services use) only among homeless adults who did not have current substance-use disorders. This relationship did not hold for those with current substance-use disorders. Findings suggest that homeless adults without current substance-use disorders may be better able to engage services and support from family/friends to exit homelessness than homeless adults who have current substance-use disorders. Perhaps service providers who are targeting homeless adults with substance-use disorders and want to help them exit homelessness need to emphasize initiating substance-use treatment before addressing other issues (authors). 

Order #: 11868

Authors:

Bassuk, E.L., Mickelson, K.D., Bissell, H.D., Perloff, J.N.

Title:

Role of Kin and Nonkin Support in the Mental Health of Low-Income Women.

Source:

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 72(1): 39-49, 2002. (Journal Article: 11 pages)

Abstract:

In this paper, data from the Worcester Family Research Project was analyzed to determine whether social support processes are altered by poverty and whether kin and nonkin support are differentially related to mental health in low-income mothers. The authors found that conflict with family and friends predicated adverse mental health and more strongly predicted these outcomes than emotional and instrumental support.  Moreover, the authors assert that sibling conflict was a stronger predictor of mental health than parent conflict (authors). 

Order #: 11459

Authors:

Cochran, B.N., Stewart, A.J., Ginzler, J.A., Cauce, A.M.

Title:

Challenges Faced by Homeless Sexual Minorities: Comparison of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Homeless Adolescents with Their Heterosexual Counterparts.

Source:

American Journal of Public Health 92(5): 773-777, 2002. (Journal Article: 5 pages)

Abstract:

The goal of this study was to identify differences between gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) homeless youths and their heterosexual counterparts in terms of physical and mental health difficulties.  A sample of 84 GLBT adolescents was matched in regard to age and self-reported gender with 84 heterosexual adolescents.  The two samples were compared on a variety of psychosocial variables.  GLBT adolescents left home more frequently, were victimized more often, used highly addictive substances more frequently, had higher rates of psychopathology, and had more sexual partners than heterosexual adolescents.  Homeless youths who identify themselves as members of sexual minority groups are at increased risk for negative outcomes.  Recommendations for treatment programs and implications for public health are discussed (authors). 

Order #: 11368

Authors:

Draine, J., Salzer, M.S., Culhane, D.P., Hadley, T.R.

Title:

Role of Social Disadvantage in Crime, Joblessness, and Homelessness among Persons with Serious Mental Illness.

Source:

Psychiatric Services 53(5): 565-573, 2002. (Journal Article: 9 pages)

Abstract:

This article analyzes the approach used in much of the psychiatric services literature to infer links between mental illness and social problems.  The authors compare these studies with studies that have been more validly conceptualized to account for social context.  With this broader perspective, the impact of mental illness on crime, unemployment, and homelessness appears to be much smaller than that implied by much of the psychiatric services literature.  Poverty moderates the relationship between serious mental illness and social problems.  Factors related to poverty include lack of education, problems with employment, substance abuse, and a low likelihood of prosocial attachments.  This relationship is often complicated and is not amenable to simple explanations.  Research and policy that take this complexity into account may lead to greater effectiveness in interventions for persons with serious mental illness (authors). 

Order #: 12266

Authors:

Fisk, D., Frey, J.

Title:

Employing People with Psychiatric Disabilities to Engage Homeless Individuals through Supported Socialization: The Buddies Project.

Source:

Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 26(2): 191-196, 2002. (Journal Article: 5 pages)

Abstract:

This article describes the Buddies Project, a small time-limited grant that employed two part-time formerly homeless persons on a community-based mental health outreach team to participate in social activities with "difficult to engage" homeless individuals.  The authors offer clinical examples that point to the success of this small supported socialization project.  The article suggests that employing people with psychiatric disabilities can be an important tool to decrease the social isolation of people who are homeless and engage them into mental health treatment and independent housing (authors). 

Order #: 11856

Authors:

Health Care for the Homeless Clinician's Network.

Title:

Crossing to Safety: Transgender Health and Homelessness.

Source:

Healing Hands 6(4): 2002. (Newsletter: 6 pages)

Abstract:

This newsletter contains articles written to enhance understanding of gender variance and to illustrate ways in which clinicians can provide a safe and comfortable "medical home" for transgender clients who are otherwise homeless.  Persons who identify with a gender that differs from the sex assigned to them at birth are at high risk for social isolation, physical and emotional trauma, chemical dependency, infectious disease, and discrimination limiting their access to employment, housing, and health care.  Homelessness compounds these risks (authors). Available From: National Health Care for the Homeless Council, P.O. Box 60427, Nashville, TN 37206, (615) 226-2292, www.nhchc.org

Order #: 13813

Authors:

Welfare, Children and Families Study.

Title:

Housing Assistance, Housing Costs, and Welfare Reform.

Source:

Baltimore, MD: Welfare, Children and Families Study, Johns Hopkins University, 2002. (Policy Brief: 12 pages)

Abstract:

In this brief, the authors discuss how housing subsidies play a significant role in alleviating financial strain and helping families make a successful transition from welfare to work.  The authors assert that recent welfare leavers without housing assistance pay sixty-four percent of their household income for rent and utilities, compared to twenty-three percent of recent leavers with assistance.  The authors also state that thirty-three percent of recent leavers without a subsidy indicate that they are unable to make ends meet from month to month.  The article states that families on welfare and without housing subsidies spend more than fifty percent of their income on the cost of housing, and that poor families that have never received welfare and are not the beneficiaries of housing assistance are also affected by the high costs of housing.  The authors conclude that despite gains from housing subsidies, housing-assisted families are more likely to reside in undesirable neighborhoods where concerns about crime and social isolation are greater (authors). Available From: Welfare, Children and Families Study, Johns Hopkins University, 3003 Charles Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21218, (410) 516-8920, www.jhu.edu/~welfare/20012Brief_Jun02.pdf.

Order #: 13342

Authors:

Wilkerson, J.L.

Title:

The Essence of Being Real: Relational Peer Support for Men and Women Who Have Experienced Trauma.

Source:

Towson, MD: Sidran Institute, 2002. (Manual: 55 pages)

Abstract:

This manual teaches how to create a safe group environment for trauma survivors to test out what it is like to establish trust with others, experience safety, and make meaningful, healthy connections. This manual offers trauma survivors the inspiration and education to make a powerful difference in their communities through peer support. This new framework for peer support relies heavily on the power of hope and the belief that every trauma survivor has an opportunity to rise above merely surviving.  Being Real is a present-focused and connection-based philosophy that is compatible with other mutual support protocols. Readers will develop a deeper understanding of the effects of trauma, particularly within the context of relationship to self and others, in order to create long-lasting and meaningful change (author). Available From: Sidran Institute, 200 East Joppa Road, Suite 207, Towson, MD 21286, (410) 825-8888, sidran@sidran.org, www.sidran.org/catalog/sige.html, (COST: $14.95).

Order #: 9912

Authors:

Anderson, D.G., Imle, M.A.

Title:

Families of Origin of Homeless and Never-Homeless Women.

Source:

Western Journal of Nursing Research 23(4): 394-413, 2001. (Journal Article: 19 pages)

Abstract:

In this study, naturalistic inquiry was used to compare the characteristics of families of origin of homeless women with never-homeless women.  The women's experiences in their families of origin were explored during in depth interviews using Lofland and Lofland's conceptions of meanings, practices, episodes, roles, and relationships to guide the analysis.  The two groups were similar with respect to family abuse history, transience, and loss.  The never-homeless women had support from an extended family member who provided unconditional love, protection, a sense of connection, and age-appropriate expectations, as contrasted with homeless women who described themselves as being without, disconnected, and having to be "little adults" in their families of origin.  The experience of family love and connection seemed to protect never-homeless women from the effects of traumatic life events in childhood.  These findings provide support for the influence of a woman's family of origin as a precursor to homelessness (authors). 

Order #: 9917

Authors:

Bruckner, J.

Title:

Walking a Mile in Their Shoes: Sociocultural Considerations in Elder Homelessness.

Source:

Geriatric Rehabilitation 16(4): 15-27, 2001. (Journal Article: 12 pages)

Abstract:

This article discusses the sociocultural considerations from an anthropologic view superimposed on a physical therapist's perspective.  A historic approach to homelessness in America, starting from colonial times and progressing into the late 20th century, provides a fascinating review of cultural circumstances that lead to elder homelessness.  Subgroups of the homeless population such as older homeless veterans, older homeless men, and older homeless women are presented.  Discussion revolves around the social dynamics that lead to or prevent homelessness within these subgroups of American culture.  Lastly, the changes required in the perceptions and attitudes of rehabilitation professionals in order to adequately meet the needs of homeless elders are provided.  Model programs for providing rehabilitative services for homeless populations are presented with an emphasis on physical therapy (authors). 

Order #: 10627

Authors:

Hatton, D.C.

Title:

Homeless Women's Access to Health Services: A Study of Social Networks and Managed Care in the United States.

Source:

Women and Health 33(3-4): 149-163, 2001. (Journal Article: 15 pages)

Abstract:

Homeless women experience more severe physical and mental health problems than women in the general population.  Under-utilization of health services complicates these health conditions.  The study reported here explored how homeless women access health services within the context of shelter living and emerging managed care systems.  Informed by grounded theory and dimensional analysis, the investigator conducted in-depth interviews with 19 homeless women, 6 staff from agencies serving homeless women, and two community health nurses.  Findings revealed that homeless women usually had circuitous rather than direct routes to health services.  First, they typically found a social network opportunity structure where brokers could assist them into the health care system.  The first tiers of access included a domestic violence shelter, a shelter for single homeless women, and a café offering low-cost meals to an inner-city homeless population.  Even after locating this opportunity structure, the conditions of managed care, with its mechanisms of referral and unfamiliarity with the needs of impoverished women, complicated access.  Thus, access requires policies that address not only the availability of health professionals, but also tiers of access that include social network opportunity structure where women can interact with advocates who broker their entry into the health care system (authors). 

Order #: 11159

Authors:

Vostanis, P., Tischler, V., Cumella, S., Bellerby, T.

Title:

Mental Health Problems and Social Supports Among Homeless Mothers and Children Victims of Domestic and Community Violence.

Source:

International Journal of Social Psychiatry 47(4): 30-40, 2001. (Journal Article: 11 pages)

Abstract:

This paper reports on the prevalence of mental health problems in homeless parents and children who have experienced domestic and neighborhood violence and their access to social support networks.  Children and mothers who have suffered domestic or neighborhood violence constitute a high risk group, although it has not been clear whether their mental health needs are specifically related to the type of violence. Three groups of families who had become homeless were compared: those experiencing domestic violence, victims of neighborhood violence, and those who became homeless for other reasons.  Mothers completed a service use semi-structured interview, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire, the Family Support Scales, and the SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire.  Levels of psychiatric morbidity were high in the group experiencing domestic violence and higher still in those who were victims of neighborhood violence.  Levels of social support were found to be an important factor, particularly in relation to professional support and support from other family members, as they predicted both child and maternal psychopathology.  Mental health interventions for victims of domestic and neighborhood violence should be integrated with community programs of social reintegration.  Mental health professionals should work in close collaboration with housing departments, social services, education, and the police (authors). 

Order #: 8824

Authors:

Nyamathi, A., Leake, B., Keenan, C., Gelberg, L.

Title:

Type of Social Support Among Homeless Women: Its Impact on Psychosocial Resources, Health and Health Behaviors, and Use of Health Services.

Source:

Nursing Research 49(6): 318-326, 2000. (Journal Article: 9 pages)

Abstract:

This study examines the impact that various levels of support from substance users and nonusers have on the psychosocial profiles of women who are homeless, health and health behaviors, and use of health services.  The authors conclude that modifying the social networks of homeless women appears to be associated with improved mental health outcomes, less risky health behaviors, and greater use of health services. 

Order #: 8060

Authors:

Bates, D.S., Toro, P.A.

Title:

Developing Measures to Assess Social Support Among Homeless and Poor People.

Source:

Journal of Community Psychology 27(2): 137-156, 1999. (Journal Article: 20 pages)

Abstract:

This article assesses two commonly employed measures of social support in a sample of 144 homeless and poor adults.  Both the Interpersonal Support and Evaluation List (ISEL) and Social Network Interview (SNI) demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties.  Reliability coefficients over a one-week interval ranged from 0.62 to 0.85 for ISEL variables and 0.74 to 0.82 for several key SNI variables.  A number of significant predictors of variables from one or both of the measures were identified which supported the construct validity of the measures and were generally consistent with prior research on homeless and similar samples.  These predictors included gender, current psychological distress, a diagnosis of severe mental illness, and amount of time spent homeless. 

Order #: 8043

Authors:

Bogard, C.J., McConnell, J.J., Gerstel, N., Schwartz, M.

Title:

Homeless Mothers and Depression: Misdirected Policy.

Source:

Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40(1): 46-62, 1999. (Journal Article: 17 pages)

Abstract:

This article is a critique of recent service-intensive shelter programs for homeless mothers and the policies that underlie these shelters.  The authors then demonstrate empirically that shelter programs for homeless families presume that mental health problems are part of the causal nexus of family homelessness and indiscriminately deliver mental health services to homeless mothers.  Simultaneously, shelter programs encourage the isolation of their residents from what they presume to be "problematic" social networks.  The authors show that while mental health services had little impact on depression levels among homeless mothers, isolation from social networks increased depression.  The authors conclude that policy should put more emphasis on rapid reintegration into the community through housing, and should place less emphasis on services (authors). 

Order #: 8044

Authors:

Ennett, S.T., Bailey, S.L., Federman, E.B.

Title:

Social Network Characteristics Associated with Risky Behaviors Among Runaway and Homeless Youth.

Source:

Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40(1): 63-78, 1999. (Journal Article: 16 pages)

Abstract:

This article describes the personal social networks of runaway and homeless youth and examines network characteristic associated with substance abuse and unsafe sexual behavior.  A purposive sample of youth aged 14 to 21 who were living in Washington, DC, and were identified on the streets or through shelters or other service agencies was interviewed in 1995 and 1996.  The authors found that although most youth reported current social relationships, a significant minority did not.  Youth without a social network were significantly more likely to report current illicit drug use, multiple sex partners, and survival sex that youth with a network.  For youth with a network, the networks were small, strong in affective and supportive qualities, comprised primarily of friends, typically included an alcohol or illicit drug user, and usually were not a source of pressure for risky behavior (authors). 

Order #: 6578

Authors:

Lam, J.A., Rosenheck, R.

Title:

Social Support and Service Use Among Homeless Persons with Serious Mental Illnesses.

Source:

International Journal of Social Psychiatry 45(1): 13-28, 1999. (Journal Article: 16 pages)

Abstract:

This report examines the relationship between levels of social support and service use among clients entering 18 community treatment programs for homeless individuals with mental illnesses as part of the Center for Mental Health Services Access to Community Care and Effective Services and Support (ACCESS) demonstration project.  Baseline assessment data on 1,828 clients entering the ACCESS program were used to evaluate the relationship between individual client characteristics and various measures of social support, and to examine the relationship between levels and types of social support and levels of service use among homeless persons with serious mental illnesses.  Results show that social support was lower among older people, males, clients with a history of childhood abuse, clients who have been homeless longer, clients with higher sociopathy scores, those with poorer health status, and clients with a psychotic disorder.  Social support, on some measures, was higher among blacks, Hispanics, and clients with a drug abuse problem.  The authors conclude that access to social supports is associated with greater use of formal services perhaps because access to these supports reflects higher levels of interpersonal skills (authors). 

Order #: 8238

Authors:

Link, B.G., Phelan, J.C., Bresnahan, M., Stueve, A., Pescosolido, B.A.

Title:

Public Conceptions of Mental Illness: Labels, Causes, Dangerousness, and Social Distance.

Source:

American Journal of Public Health 89(9): 1328-1333, 1999. (Journal Article: 6 pages)

Abstract:

The authors used a nation-wide survey data to characterize current public conceptions related to recognition of mental illness and perceived causes, dangerousness, and desired social distance.  Data were derived from a vignette experiment.  Respondents were randomly assigned to one of five vignette conditions.  Four described psychiatric disorders meeting diagnostic criteria, and the fifth depicted a "troubled person" with subclinical problems and worries.  Results indicate that the majority of the public identifies schizophrenia and major depression as mental illnesses and that most report multicausal explanations combining stressful circumstances with biologic and genetic factors.  Results also show, however, that smaller proportions associate alcohol and drug abuse with mental illness and that symptoms of mental illness remain strongly with public fears about potential violence and with a desire for limited social interaction.  The authors conclude that while there is reason for optimism in the public's recognition of mental illness and causal attributions, a strong stereotype of dangerousness and desire for social distance persist.  These latter conditions are likely to negatively affect people with mental illness (authors). 

Order #: 8413

Authors:

Wu, T., Serper, M.R.

Title:

Social Support and Psychopathology in Homeless Patients Presenting for Emergency Psychiatric Treatment.

Source:

Journal of Clinical Psychology 55(9): 1127-1133, 1999. (Journal Article: 7 pages)

Abstract:

In this article, the authors compared homeless to domiciled psychiatric patients' symptomatology and perceived level of social support (PSS) within hours of psychiatric emergency service (PES) arrival.  Homeless patients experienced less PSS and more negative symptoms, but not more psychosis, than their domiciled counterparts.  Domiciled patients' PSS was highly related to their clinical presentation: less support predicted increased psychopathology.  Homeless patients' clinical symptoms, although as common and severe, were unassociated with PSS.  These findings suggest that homeless psychiatric patients may be less reactive to positive environmental influences like social support and manifest more severe and refractory symptoms than domiciled patients presenting for emergency treatment (authors). 

Order #: 7911

Authors:

Letiecq, B.L., Anderson, E.A., Koblinsky, S.A.

Title:

Social Support of Homeless and Housed Mothers: A Comparison of Temporary and Permanent Housing Arrangements.

Source:

Family Relations 47(4): 415-421, 1998. (Journal Article: 7 pages)

Abstract:

This article compares the social support of 115 low-income housed mothers and 92 homeless mothers residing in emergency shelters, transitional housing units, and doubled-up housing arrangements.  All mothers had a preschool child in the Head Start program and the majority of the sample was African American.  Results revealed that homeless mothers in emergency shelters and transitional housing had significantly less contacts with friends and relatives, could count on fewer people in times of need, and received less help from their families over a six-month period that housed mothers.  Findings suggest that family service workers should devise strategies to help homeless families access and mobilize existing familial supports and develop new social support networks.  Additional implication for policy development and practice are discussed (authors). 

Order #: 7450

Authors:

Martinez, T.E., Gleghorn, A., Marx, R., Clements, K., Bowman, M., Katz, M.H.

Title:

Psychosocial Histories, Social Environment, and HIV Risk Behaviors of Injection and Noninjection Drug Using Homeless Youths.

Source:

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 30(1): 1-10, 1998. (Journal Article: 10 pages)

Abstract:

This article examines a study on the prevalence of HIV high-risk sexual and drug use behavior in a population of homeless youth.  The authors recruited 186 homeless, runaway, and street youth in three northern California cities using systematic street-based sampling methods, and assessed psychosocial histories, currently daily activities, and sexual and drug-related risk behaviors using qualitative and quantitative techniques.  Youths reported high lifetime rates of injection drug use, recent drug and alcohol abuse, and current homelessness.  Injection drug using youths were more likely than noninjection drug using youth to report traumatic psychosocial histories, including parental substance use and forced institutionalization, use of alcohol and other noninjection drugs, a history of survival sex, and the use of squats or abandoned buildings as shelter.  The authors state that these findings underscore the need for multifaceted service and prevention programs to address the varied needs of these high-risk youth (authors). 

Order #: 7717

Authors:

North, C.S., Pollio, D.E., Smith, E.M., Spitznagel, E.L.

Title:

Correlates of Early Onset and Chronicity of Homelessness in a Large Urban Homeless Population.

Source:

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 186(7): 393-400, 1998. (Journal Article: 8 pages)

Abstract:

This article examined temporal relationships between relative onsets of mental illness and homelessness in a cross-sectional study of 900 homeless people compared with a matched, never-homeless sample from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study in St. Louis, MO.  Only one disorder, alcohol use disorder (in men only), had significantly earlier onset in homeless subjects.  Earlier onset of homelessness was associated with several diagnoses: schizophrenia, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, alcohol and drug use disorders, and antisocial personality.  A history of dysfunctional family background and maternal psychiatric illness were also associated with earlier onset, whereas education was protective.  Chronicity of homelessness was associated with the number of symptoms of alcohol use disorder and earlier age of onset of drug use disorder, presence and number of symptoms of schizophrenia and antisocial personality, and earlier onset of major depression and conduct disorder.  The authors state that these findings provide information relevant to the roles of mental illness and personal vulnerability factors in the onset and chronicity of homelessness (authors). 

Order #: 7471

Authors:

Pleace, N.

Title:

Single Homelessness as Social Exclusion: The Unique and the Extreme.

Source:

Social Policy and Administration 32(1): 46-59, 1998. (Journal Article: 14 pages)

Abstract:

Recent research into single homelessness and street homelessness has begun to consider the issue using the concepts and the language of social exclusion.  This article considers the new literature and what it may mean in terms of changing the understanding of single homelessness.  The author reviews the concept of social exclusion and the recent literature on single homelessness and draws associations between recent research in the two fields.  Drawing on this, the author argues that single homelessness needs to be re-conceptualized and viewed as one of the products generated by the process of social exclusion.  The author concludes that single homelessness is characterized chiefly by the inability of a section of the socially excluded population to gain access to welfare services and housing, and that "homelessness" does not exist as a discrete social problem with unique characteristics and causes. 

Order #: 7457

Authors:

Unger, J.B., Kipke, M.D., Simon, T.R., Johnson, C.J., Montgomery, S.B., Iverson, E.

Title:

Stress, Coping, and Social Support Among Homeless Youth.

Source:

Journal of Adolescent Research 13(2): 134-157, 1998. (Journal Article: 24 pages)

Abstract:

This article evaluated the extent to which stress, coping strategies, and social support were associated with depressive symptoms, poor physical health, and substance abuse in homeless youth.  Data were obtained from a random sample of 432 homeless youth recruited from service provision sites and the streets in Los Angeles.  Stressful life events were associated positively with symptoms of depression, poor physical health, and substance use.  Use of emotion-focused coping strategies increased the risk of depression, poor health, and substance use disorders, where as problem-focused coping decreased the risk of alcohol use disorder and poor health.  Social support decreased the risk of depression and poor health only.  The authors state the results indicate that effective coping skills and social support may counteract the negative effects of stressful life events on physical and psychological health in homeless youth (authors). 

Order #: 8029

Authors:

Youngblade, L.M., Mulvihill, B.A.

Title:

Individual Differences in Homeless Preschoolers' Social Behavior.

Source:

Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 19(4): 593-614, 1998. (Journal Article: 22 pages)

Abstract:

This article investigates correlates of individual differences in homeless preschoolers' social behavior upon entry into a childcare setting.  Forty nine three- to five-year olds from homeless families participated.  Correlational analyses demonstrated individual differences in developmental status based, in part, on differences in homelessness.  Results of correlational and regression analyses showed that significant variance in the child's social behavior was accounted for by measures of the child's temperament, developmental status, relationship with his/her parent and/or sibling, parental characteristic, and indices of homelessness (e.g., length of time homeless, length of time in shelter).  In particular, indices of homelessness predicted the child's social behavior above and beyond the more typical individual difference variables.  The authors discuss the findings in terms of the effect of homelessness on the child's developmental and social experience (authors). 

Order #: 6611

Authors:

Fisk, D., Laub, D., Rowe, M.

Title:

Homeless Persons with Mental Illness and Their Families: A Clinical Study of Estrangement and Yearning to Return Home.

Source:

New Haven, CT: Center for Mental Health Policy Services and Clinical Research, 1997. (Unpublished Paper: 24 pages)

Abstract:

This paper describes a study based on the authors' experiences of working with homeless persons who have mental illnesses in an outreach project at a community health clinic in New Haven, Conn. The project is a comparison site for the Federal Access to Community Care and Effective Services and Support  (ACCESS) initiative.  Results show that some of the homeless persons who received mental health services from the project had varying levels of contact with their families, and others, while they had no physical contact with their families, maintained a powerful emotional connection to them. 

Order #: 6917

Authors:

Frohlich, K.L., Fournier, L.

Title:

Psychometric Properties of the Interpersonal Relationship Inventory with a Homeless Sample.

Source:

Psychological Reports 80: 883-898, 1997. (Journal Article: 16 pages)

Abstract:

This paper examined the psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Relationship Inventory with a sample of homeless men who were first-time shelter users.  The measure, based on social exchange theory and equity theory, has two subscales, one for support and the other for conflict.  As yet, few measurements have been developed to assess conflict from within social networks.  As part of a larger longitudinal study, a sample of 166 first-time shelter users was administered the inventory.  A student sample also filled out the inventory for comparison purposes.  Internal consistency for both subscales was good, .90 for Support and .83 for Conflict.  Weak inter-item correlations were prevalent among many items in the Conflict subscale.  A near zero correlation was found between scores on the Support and Conflict subscales, suggesting independence.  An exploratory factor analysis using varimax rotation confirmed a dual-factor structure.  Analyses of variance and Scheffe contrast tests detected no statistically significant differences between age groups on either the Support or the Conflict subscales.  A multiple regression analysis indicated that, when controlling for age, scores on the Support scale discriminated the homeless and student samples, while scores on the Conflict subscale do not. The Support subscale indicates excellent psychometric qualities, while the Conflict subscale should be refined (authors). 

Order #: 6885

Authors:

Gallagher, T.C., Andersen, R.M., Kogel, P., Gelberg, L.

Title:

Determinants of Regular Source of Care Among Homeless Adults in Los Angeles.

Source:

Medical Care 35(8): 814-830, 1997. (Journal Article: 17 pages)

Abstract:

The authors conducted a multiple logistic regression to predict regular source of care among the homeless, using an adaptation of the Behavioral Model of health services utilization as an analytic framework.  Results indicated that 57% of the sample reported having a regular source of care.  Some factors found to be barriers to having a regular source of care among this population included homelessness-related characteristics such as competing needs, long-term homelessness, and social isolation.  The authors conclude that in the context of resources, the distribution of a regular source of care among the homeless appears to be highly inequitable, and that some of the characteristics identifying those with a regular source of care suggest, among other things, a lack of fit between the needs of the homeless and the organization of health services (authors). 

Order #: 7294

Authors:

Geber, G.

Title:

Barriers to Health Care for Street Youth.

Source:

Journal of Adolescent Health 21: 287-90, 1997. (Journal Article: 4 pages)

Abstract:

This study investigates the barriers to health care faced by runaway adolescents.  A convenience sample of 89 street youth located through community agencies was surveyed to elicit their perceptions of barriers to care.  Results indicated that these youth experience a wide range of barriers to health care, both objective and subjective.  They also experience fears with regard to receiving health care, many of which seem developmental in nature.  The relative isolation of these youth compounds the objective barriers they face, yet many overcame these barriers and received needed care (author). 

Order #: 6405

Authors:

Gelberg, L., Gallagher, T.C., Andersen, R.M., Koegel, P.

Title:

Competing Priorities as a Barrier to Medical Care Among Homeless Adults in Los Angeles.

Source:

American Journal of Public Health 87(2): 217-220, 1997. (Journal Article: 4 pages)

Abstract:

The authors describe a study where the role of competing priorities as a barrier to the utilization of physical health services was assessed in a subset of a probability sample of homeless adults in Los Angeles.  Unadjusted odds of four measures of health services utilization were calculated for those with frequent difficulty in meeting their subsistence needs. These odds were then adjusted for a range of characteristics assumed to affect the utilization of health services among the homeless.  Before and after adjustment, those with frequent subsistence difficulty were less likely to have a regular source of care and more likely to have gone without needed medical care. Subsistence difficulty had no impact on the likelihood of having been hospitalized.  Results remained the same after adjustment. The authors conclude frequent subsistence difficulty appears to be an important nonfinancial barrier to the utilization of health services perceived among homeless adults (authors). 

Order #: 6874

Authors:

Mulryan J., Mulryan T.

Title:

The Dark Side of the Moon.

Source:

Boston, MA: Fanlight Productions, 1997. (Videotape: 25 minutes)

Abstract:

This moving documentary weaves together the stories of three mentally disabled men, formerly homeless, who have overcome despair, stigma and isolation to become valued members of their community. Joe, diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenic, now provides peer counseling and manages an apartment complex for homeless men. After years of hospitalization for schizophrenia, Ron now advocates for patients' rights and is raising his six-year-old son as a single parent. John still struggles with paranoia, but now lives independently and works as an artist and poet. After years of feeling hopeless and helpless, through their relationships with understanding friends and community resources, they now help others. Available From: Fanlight Productions, 4196 Washington Street, Suite 2, Boston, MA 02131, (617) 469-4999, orders@fanlight.com, www.fanlight.com. (COST: $195/purchase; $60-70/rent).

Order #: 6911

Authors:

Nyamathi, A., Flaskerud, J., Leake, B.

Title:

HIV-Risk Behaviors and Mental Health Characteristics Among Homeless or Drug-Recovering Women and their Closest Sources of Social Support.

Source:

Nursing Research 46(3): 133-137, 1997. (Journal Article: 5 pages)

Abstract:

This article describes risky drug and sexual behavior and mental health characteristics in a sample of 240 homeless or drug-recovering women and their most immediate sources of social support.  Women and their closest support sources both reported a great deal of recent noninjection drug use and lesser, though similar amounts of recent injection drug use.  More than one-third of both groups reported a history of sexually transmitted disease and sexual activity with multiple partners.  Fifty-one percent of the women and 31% of their support sources had Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) scores of 27 or greater, suggesting a high level of depressive disorder in both samples.  Similarly, 76% of the women and 59% of their support sources had psychological well-being scores below a standard clinical cutoff point.  These data suggest that homeless and impoverished women turn to individuals who are themselves at high risk for emotional distress and risky behaviors as their main sources of support (authors). 

Order #: 6834

Authors:

Rabideau, J.M.P., Toro, P.A.

Title:

Social and Environmental Predictors of Adjustment in Homeless Children.

Source:

In Smith, E.M., and Ferrari, J.R. (eds.), Diversity Within the Homeless Population:  Implications for Intervention.  Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, 1997. (Book Chapter: 17 pages)

Abstract:

This chapter describes a study that examined social and environmental predictors of adjustment in homeless children using a sample of 32 mothers and 68 children who were referred to the Demonstration Employment Project-Training and Housing (DEPTH), which was based in Buffalo, NY.  Based on information collected through mother and child interviews, socioenvironmental and maternal characteristics, and child adjustment measures were taken.  The results indicated that homeless children were experiencing more behavior problems and depression as compared to the community norm.  Factors such as the extent of domestic violence in the mother's recent relationships and the level of parenting hassles were related to this situation.  The authors discuss the implications of their findings for intervention. 

Order #: 6789

Authors:

Rosenfield, S., Wenzel, S.

Title:

Social Networks and Chronic Mental Illness: A Test of Four Perspectives.

Source:

Social Problems, 44(2): 200-216, 1997. (Journal Article: 16 pages)

Abstract:

This study tests four perspectives on social relations and quality of life, all of which hold that dimensions of networks shape life satisfaction by affecting self-esteem. However, these perspectives disagree about which particular dimension is consequential: relationships with Insiders vs. Outsiders, the extent of supportive relationships, or the number of negative ties. The authors test these perspectives using longitudinal data on 137 individuals with serious mental illnesses. Results show that the proportion of Insiders or Outsiders makes little difference for quality of life, however, increases in the number of supportive relationships improves life quality. Moreover, negative interactions have a strong detrimental effect on life satisfaction.  Further analyses show that supportive and negative relationships affect life quality, respectively, by increasing or decreasing individuals' self-esteem (authors). 

Order #: 7139

Authors:

Segal, S., Silverman, C., Temkin, T.

Title:

Social Networks and Psychological Disability Among Housed and Homeless Users of Self-Help Agencies.

Source:

In Aviram, U. (ed.) Social Work in Mental Health: Trends and Issues.  Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, 49-61, 1997. (Book Chapter: 12 pages)

Abstract:

This chapter describes a study that examined the effects of psychological disability on social networks and support of homeless and non-homeless individuals.  A survey of 310 long-term users of client-run mental health agencies in San Francisco was analyzed.  Results indicated that psychological disability is negatively associated with network characteristics for  housed individuals, but not for the homeless.  A positive relationship was found between psychological distress and network size for the homeless who receive SSI, while homeless individuals who do not receive SSI show a negative, non-significant association.  The authors suggest that financial resources enable network members, especially relatives, to become involved expressively with home less mentally disabled individuals who are experiencing a high level of disturbance (authors). 

Order #: 7179

Authors:

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Title:

Community Building in Public Housing: Ties that Bind People and Their Communities.

Source:

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1997. (Report: 100 pages)

Abstract:

This report describes a community-building approach to fighting poverty.  This approach shares many concepts with policy initiatives such as Consolidated Planning, Empowerment  Zones, Enterprise Communities, and Hope VI.  The report has four chapters:  Community-Building:  Emerging as a Key Strategy; Community-Building Steps for Public Housing Authorities; Community-Building Strategies:  Examples; and Community-Building Through Partnerships:  Examples.  The report concludes that community building strengthens the social networks of public housing communities and works to mitigate their isolation from the mainstream economy and the larger society. Available From: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 451 Seventh Street SW, Washington, DC 20410, (202) 708-1112, www.hud.gov.